摘要 青岛地区边界层风场与温度场垂直分布很特殊,在1500m高度以下风场,近地面层风速较小,300—400m高度风速较大,500m以上风速减小,1000m以上又逐渐增大.温度层结早晚稳定,午后 200m以下不稳定,混合层不高,一般在400m左右,有时可达700m,低空经常出现多层逆温.冬季盛行偏北风,夏季盛行偏南风,并经常受江淮气旋和黄淮气旋影响,气旋经过青岛地区时,流场经常出现上、下辐合气流.引入平直和上、下切变两种气流,应用平流扩散方程,对青岛地区连续点源所排放的污染物作模式计算,结果表明,在单一平直气流时,污染物传输较远,但浓度轴线也在一定距离上与地面相交.尤其是在雨天,污染物只在局地散布,浓度较大.当风向出现上、下层切变时,污染物传输范围受限制,这些污染物质在雨天经过化学变化即在近距离形成酸雨.
关键词 风场;温度场;气旋;污染物;酸雨;模式.
CHARACTER OF THE BOUNDARY LAYER AND CAUSE OF ACID RAIN IN THE TSINGDAO AREA
Liu Baozhang, Li Jinlong, Wang Jingyun, Li Hai
(Center for Environmental Sciences,Peking University, Beijing 100871)
ABSTRACT Vertical distribution of the wind field and temperature field at the boundary layer in Tsingdao Area was found to be unique.Under the height of 1500m,the wind field appears one-front-two-valleys type.For wind speed from ground up,it is relatively low for ground layer,reachs a maximum value between 300m to 400m,reduces over 500m, and increases again gradually above 1000m.As for temperature stratification,it appears stable in the morning and in the evening,and unstable under 200m after noon.As far as mixed layer is concerned,it appears aroung 400m and sometimes can attain 700m.Multiple-layer inversiion often emerges in lower altitude.Wind to north is prevailing in winter,so is wind to sourth in summer.And they are often affected by Jianghuai and Haunghuai cyclones.Convergence air current between lower levers and higher levers emerges when the cyclone pass Tsingdao area.Specific point source can be calculated by introducing straight and shear air currents in conjunction with advection-diffusion equation.The result indicates that pollutant will be transferred farther under one straight air current,while the concentration axis inclines downward and then meet the ground in some distance.Especially in rainy days,pollutants scatter only in the local area and the concentration is high.When wind direction appears shear between higher and lower levers,the pollutant transferring limits are more limited.And then acid rain will form by chemical changes of these pollutants at a short distance in rainy days.
Keywords wind field,temperature field, air cyclone,pollutants,acid rain,model,transport and transformation.
1 引言
青岛地区是我国东部沿海酸雨比较严重的地方,从1991年开始对青岛地区酸沉降特征和防治进行了研究,1993年1月和7月在该地区做了大规模野外实验和调查,调查范围包括现青岛市所辖整个地区.实验和调查内容分两个部分:即边界层物理和污染现状.边界层物理部分设4个测点,有北部的平度市、莱西市,南部的铺集镇和薛家岛(图1).

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图1 青岛地区测点示意图 观测内容有低空温度探测、小球测风、湍流强度、扩散参数等.每期半个月,每天观测6~7 次,测量高度在2500m之内,全部资料在IBM计算机上处理.污染现状观测设青岛市气象局、青岛市环保局、崂山中、崂山顶、崂山水库、胶州市、胶南市、薛家岛、平度市、莱西市等10个站,监测项目有SO2、NOx、TSP、CO、IP.在TSP中分析SO2-4、NO-3、F-、NH+4、Cl-、Ca2+、Na+、Mg2+、K+等9种离子成分.每次降水必测酸度、电导率以及与TSP分析相同的9种离子成分. 表1 青岛市夏、冬两季风速随高度分布 Table 1 Vertical distribution of wind speed in summer and winter seasons in Tsingdao City |
| 风速,m/s | ||||||||||||||
| 冬季 | 夏季 | |||||||||||||
| 地点 | 地面高 度,m |
05:00 | 08:00 | 10:00 | 14:00 | 18:00 | 22:00 | 05:00 | 07:00 | 10:00 | 14:00 | 17:00 | 20:00 | 23:00 |
薛 家 岛 |
地面 | 3.0 | 3.5 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 2.1 | 2.9 | 2.0 | 1.5 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 1.3 |
| 100 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 5.0 | 6.0 | 7.0 | 5.3 | 4.5 | 5.0 | 5.7 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 4.0 | |
| 200 | 6.1 | 7.5 | 6.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 7.5 | 5.0 | 4.5 | 4.7 | 6.0 | 5.0 | 5.5 | 4.4 | |
| 300 | 8.5 | 10.0 | 7.5 | 9.0 | 7.0 |
9.5 |
6.3 | 5.7 | 7.3 | 7.3 | 4.5 | 7.7 | 5.7 | |
| 500 | 13.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 9.7 | 11.7 | 12.0 | 8.0 | 7.7 | 10.5 | 8.7 | 9.5 | 10.5 | 10.5 | |
| 800 | 7.0 | 7.5 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 4.5 | 7.5 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 5.5 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 5.0 | 4.7 | |
| 1000 | 5.0 | 5.7 | 6.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 6.5 | 4.0 | 4.5 | 6.0 | 4.1 | 3.7 | 4.5 | 4.5 | |
铺 集 镇 |
地面 | 1.8 | 2.1 | 2.5 | 2.9 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 1.7 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 1.8 | 1.0 |
| 100 | 5.9 | 5.5 | 3.5 | 4.0 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.0 | 5.0 | 3.7 | 4.7 | 4.0 | 5.1 | 5.0 | |
| 200 | 6.0 | 6.5 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.3 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.7 | 3.9 | 4.8 | 4.0 | 6.0 | 5.7 | |
| 300 | 8.9 | 8.5 | 7.0 | 5.5 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 6.7 | 4.5 | 5.0 | 4.7 | 7.7 | 7.0 | |
| 500 | 12.0 | 11.0 | 9.0 | 7.0 | 11.3 | 10.1 | 10.5 | 8.5 | 5.2 | 7.7 | 7.0 | 10.0 | 9.7 | |
| 800 | 7.0 | 8.0 | 7.0 | 6.5 | 5.5 | 6.5 | 6.3 | 6.0 | 4.3 | 5.8 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 6.3 | |
| 1000 | 7.3 | 10.0 | 6.0 | 5.5 | 4.5 | 6.5 | 5.2 | 4.5 | 4.0 | 4.1 | 4.3 | 4.7 | 4.5 | |
平 度 市 |
地面 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 2.6 | 2.0 | 2.7 | 2.5 | 2.7 | 3.7 | 1.8 |
| 100 | 4.3 | 3.3 | 4.5 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 3.9 | 4.2 | 3.6 | 4.1 | 7.0 | 4.4 | 4.1 | 3.3 | |
| 200 | 4.3 | 4.7 | 5.3 | 5.4 | 4.6 | 4.3 | 5.0 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 4.5 | 4.8 | 5.8 | 5.5 | |
| 300 | 4.0 | 5.0 | 5.4 | 5.0 | 5.2 | 4.3 | 5.0 | 4.7 | 4.1 | 4.4 | 4.1 | 6.3 | 5.9 | |
| 500 | 4.3 | 4.6 | 5.1 | 5.8 | 5.3 | 4.9 | 3.9 | 6.2 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.6 | 6.6 | |
| 800 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 4.7 | 8.0 | 4.7 | 4.8 | 5.2 | 5.4 | 5.3 | 4.3 | 3.9 | 4.3 | 5.6 | |
| 1000 | 5.7 | 6.3 | 5.7 | 8.8 | 5.6 | 4.4 | 5.2 | 6.0 | 5.4 | 5.6 | 4.9 | 5.0 | 5.7 | |
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表2 青岛市冬、夏两季平均温度随高度分布 Table 2 Vertical distribution of average temperature in summer and winter seasons in Tsingdao City |

表2为以上3地的温度随高度分布,由表可见,青岛地区平均混合层很低.一般混合层在上午10时前后出现,下午18时前后结束,夏天最高达400m,最低为几十米,沿海薛家岛冬季比夏季为高,冬季午后可达 400m,有时可达600m,而夏天却只有100m左右.北部平原地区夏天比南部高,冬季比沿海低,由平均温度随高度分布可看出,青岛市大气层结比较稳定,在没有特殊天气过程(如峰面、大型气旋、台风等)情况下,污染物不易扩散。虽然风速廓线在400m高度有一大风层,但温度层结很稳定,低层污染物不易向上扩散,上层虽有大风,污染物也很难水平传输. 3 数值模拟 根据边界层风速和温度随高度分布的具体情况,选用如下模式进行污染物浓度模拟计算。
(1) 为了简化,把顺风向取为X方向,只考虑XZ垂直平面的浓度分布,风速随高度分布按上述实际观测资料拟合成下述公式:
垂直扩散参数服从下述规律:[1]
R为降水强度(mm/h),a、b为经验常数,a=0.061,b=0.45. |

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图2 单一风向无雨和有雨天气SO2浓度(mg/m3)分布图 |

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图3 上下两层风向相反无雨和有雨天气SO2浓度(mg/m3)分布图 |

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Fig.4 SO2 concentration distribution in rain and no-rain days when mixed layer appears and when wind shears between lower and higher le-vels
参考文献 1 桑建国,温市耕编著.大气扩散的数值计算(第一版).北京:气象出版社,1992:112—116 |